收录甲骨数量最多 清华大学发布《甲骨文摹本大系》******
光明日报北京12月19日电（记者邓晖）十年磨一剑，一部甲骨文资料整理的集大成之作面世。清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心日前发布了《甲骨文摹本大系》（以下简称《大系》）新书。该书收录有字甲骨70659片，是目前收录甲骨数量最多的大型甲骨著录书，将为研究者更深入地做好卜辞分类与分期研究、文字考释工作与甲骨学商史研究带来极大便利。
《大系》是第一部以摹本形式按照新的理论和方法综合整理研究甲骨文资料的集大成之作，把原本“庞杂无序”的已刊布的7万多片有字甲骨整理成井井有条的科学资料。全书共43册，由“图版”“释文”和“索引”三部分组成，正八开刊印。据悉，2012年至2022年，清华大学出土文献研究与保护中心黄天树教授率领其甲骨团队编纂《大系》，通过选择良拓、剔除伪片、删除重片、缀合残片、分类断代、制作摹本、撰写释文、编制索引等工作，历时十年，终于告竣。
与《甲骨文合集》等著录书相比，《大系》全书采用“两系”新说代替“五期”旧说，编排7万多片甲骨材料，开创了甲骨著录书编纂的新范式。
“董作宾创立五期说，凿破鸿蒙，意义深远。但是，其弊病是把甲骨字体分类和王世的推定混在一起了。今天，甲骨学者认识到，卜辞的字体分类与断代是两个不同的步骤，我们应先根据字体等特征分卜辞为若干类，然后分别判定各类所属时代。这是甲骨断代理论和研究方法上的重大突破。”黄天树介绍。
《大系》还精心为每版甲骨制作了摹本。甲骨作为珍贵的文物，学者很难接触到实物，因而研究甲骨文，主要依据甲骨著录书公布的拓本、照片和摹本。这三种图版各有优劣，可以取长补短。高质量的甲骨摹本，可以立体显示各种甲骨信息，为甲骨初学者提供参考。
此外，《大系》还给每一版有字甲骨标注了字体类别。黄天树介绍，殷墟甲骨文是最早的古汉语资料。但是，甲骨文要作为语料来运用的先决条件，便是要确定其时代。否则，10多万片甲骨依然是一堆“断烂朝报”，缺少科学价值。“字体类别的确定，意味着这版甲骨的时代已经得到推定，大大增加了作为史料的研究价值。”
20多年来，甲骨缀合成果层出不穷，新拼缀出来的甲骨缀合多达3000多组。其中有些甲骨缀合极为重要，复原出前所未见的新材料，极大地丰富了学界对殷商社会的认识。然而，团队成员发现，这些甲骨缀合成果分散在各种甲骨缀合专书、刊物和学术网站上，应用起来不太方便。
“《大系》收录2020年12月之前的所有缀合成果，省去学者翻检之苦。我们还撰写释文，编制索引。读者如果要查看相应甲骨拓本，通过《大系》索引可以检索到，十分便捷。”黄天树介绍。
《光明日报》（ 2022年12月20日 11版）
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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